17 research outputs found
Nitrogen substituted cyclic enediynes: synthesis, thermal reactivity and complexation with metal ions
A number of N-substituted cyclic enediynes (azaenediynes) have been synthesized via Pd(0)-catalysed ene-yne coupling followed by N-alkylation. The simplest of them, a 10-membered monocyclic enediyne 1, underwent Bergman cyclization (BC) at 23°C with a half-life of 72 h. The kinetics of BC slowed down considerably by fusing a benzene ring onto the enediyne. Several novel bis(azaenediyne)s and bis(diazaenediyne)s 3-6 have been synthesized. Their onset temperatures for BC were lowered under metal ion complexation conditions
Modeling reaction time within a traffic simulation model
Human reaction time has a substantial effect on modeling of human behavior at a microscopic level. Drivers and pedestrian do not react to an event instantaneously; rather, they take time to perceive the event, process the information, decide on a response and finally enact their decision. All these processes introduce delay. As human movement is simulated at increasingly fine-grained resolutions, it becomes critical to consider the delay due to reaction time if one is to achieve accurate results. Most existing simulators over-simplify the reaction time implementation to reduce computational overhead and memory requirements. In this paper, we detail the framework which we are developing within the SimMobility Short Term Simulator (a microscopic traffic simulator), which is capable of explicitly modeling reaction time for each person in a detailed, flexible manner. This framework will enable modelers to set realistic reaction time values, relying on the simulator to handle implementation and optimization considerations. Following this, we report our findings demonstrating the impact of reaction time on traffic dynamics within several simulation scenarios. The findings indicate that in the incorporation of reaction time within microscopic simulations improves the traffic dynamics that produces more realistic traffic condition.Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technolog
SimMobility Short-Term: An Integrated Microscopic Mobility Simulator
This paper presents the development of an integrated microscopic mobility simulator, SimMobility Short-Term (ST). The simulator is integrated because its models, inputs and outputs, simulated components, and code base are integrated within a multiscale agent- and activity-based simu- lation platform capable of simulating different spatiotemporal resolutions and accounting for different levels of travelers’ decision making. The simulator is microscopic because both the demand (agents and its trips) and the supply (trip realization and movements on the network) are microscopic (i.e., modeled individually). Finally, the simulator has mobility because it copes with the multimodal nature of urban networks and the need for the flexible simulation of innovative transportation ser - vices, such as on-demand and smart mobility solutions. This paper follows previous publications that describe SimMobility’s overall framework and models. SimMobility is an open-source, multiscale platform that considers land use, transportation, and mobility-sensitive behavioral models. SimMobility ST aims at simulating the high-resolution movement of agents (traffic, transit, pedestrians, and goods) and the operation of different mobility services and control and information systems. This paper presents the SimMobility ST modeling framework and system architecture and reports on its successful calibration for Singapore and its use in several scenarios of innovative mobility applications. The paper also shows how detailed performance measures from SimMobility ST can be integrated with a daily activity and mobility patterns simulator. Such integration is crucial to model accurately the effect of different technologies and service operations at the urban level, as the identity and preferences of simulated agents are maintained across temporal decision scales, ensuring the consistency and accuracy of simulated accessibility and performance measures of each scenario.Singapore. National Research Foundation (CREATE program)Singapore-MIT Alliance. Center. Future Urban Mobility Interdisciplinary Research Grou
Synthesis, reactivity and conformational preferences of novel enediynyl peptides: a possible scaffold for β-sheet capping turns
Novel enediynyl tripeptides 2(a-c) in fully protected forms have been prepared via a sequence of palladium(o)-based Sonogashira coupling. The thermal reactivity of these peptides was shown to be dependent upon the nature of the side chain in the amino acids. Analysis of the CD-spectra of these peptides as well as the variation of chemical shifts with temperature revealed the presence of a β-sheet nucleating conformation in equilibrium with a conformation induced by H-bond formation between the CO and NH belonging to the enediynyl amino acid
Use of nitrones in the synthesis of potential antihypercholesterolemic and antibacterial mono and tricyclic β-lactams
1508-1513The hydroxyethyl group at C-3 of a number
of monocyclic β-lactams 2a-d is elaborated by a series of reactions to
the appropriate side chain meant for acting as cholesterol absorption inhibitor
without perturbing the sensitive β-lactam moiety. In addition, a novel
tricyclic β-lactam 2e has also been synthesized using the nitrone
cycloaddition approach
Use of nitrones in the synthesis of potential antihypercholesterolemic and antibacterial mono and tricyclic β-lactams
Synthesis of β-lactams 2a-e and the various functionalized ones 8a, 10a and 8b, 10b starting from the nitrones 4a-e have been described
Active site mapping of porcine liver esterase (PLE) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL): Stereo and regiochemical outcome of hydrolysis of conformationally constrained esters†
974-980The regio and stereoselectivity of PLE
and PPL-catalyzed hydrolysis of a number of conformationally constrained
substrates have been studied. The results are discussed based on the existing
active site models for the two enzymes
Active site geometry of porcine pancreatic lipase: an interesting switchover from Jones' to Seebach's model
Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL)-catalyzed hydrolysis of cis 3-acetoxyethyl-1,4-diphenyl and cis 3-acetoxyethyl-1-phenyl-4-(2-furyl) β-lactams 1a and 1b proceeded with opposite stereoselectivity while the corresponding thienyl β-lactam 1c showed no selectivity at all. An explanation based upon the dominance of hydrophobic and polar pockets in governing the stereoselectivity has been proposed
Examining impacts of time-based pricing strategies in public transportation: A study of Singapore
Peak and off-peak pricing strategies are an important policy tool used to spread peak demand in public transportation systems. This study uses an agent-based simulator (SimMobility Mid-term) to examine the impact of pricing (off-peak fare discounts) strategies used in Singapore. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the capabilities of the simulator, and types of detailed performance indicators it can provide, in order to examine the effects of complex public transport pricing policies. Behavioral models within the simulator are calibrated with relevant datasets such as household travel survey, smart card, GPS probe data from taxis and traffic counts for the Singapore network. Nine (09) time-based pricing strategies are examined that consist of a combination of free pre-peak travel on Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and an off-peak discount for integrated transit (public buses, MRT and Light Rail Transit (LRT)). Changes in public transport ridership, mode shares, operator\u27s revenue and denied boarding are used as indicators to examine the impacts of pricing strategies. The effects of these policies are also examined on segments of the population in terms of income level, person type and gender. Results indicate that off-peak discounts spread PM peak demand and attract individuals to public transportation. However, the availability of fare discounts in all off-peak periods results in adverse impacts during the AM peak because many commuters shift the return leg rather than the initial leg of their journey. The study concludes with suggestions on how to explore more effective pricing strategies, i.e. providing fare discounts only during off-peak periods that surround AM peak
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Artery Catheterisation in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Cross-sectional Study
Introduction: The Pulmonary Artery (PA) catheter continues
to be used for monitoring haemodynamic parameters in the
majority of patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
(CABG) surgeries, despite concerns raised regarding costeffectiveness and safety issues. Sometimes, placement takes
longer or is difficult just by looking at the pressure waves. There
are several factors that may influence the duration of Pulmonary
Artery Catheter (PAC) insertion.
Aim: To determine the factors affecting PAC in anaesthetised
patients undergoing elective CABG.
Materials and Methods: A single-centred, cross-sectional study
was conducted in the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
operation theartre at IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
including 138 patients aged 35-65 years of either sex undergoing
elective CABG surgery in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India.
The attempt to perform successful first-time catheterisation or
failure of the PAC done by a resident cardioanaesthesiologist was
noted, as well as whether catheterisation was successfully done
within a specified time or not. This time was obtained as the 75th
percentile of the time taken for catheter placement for the first
30 cases catheterised in the first attempt. For ease of analysis,
all first attempt successful cases were considered as Group A
(n=125), and all first attempt failure cases as Group B (n=13). The
study data on various parameters were recorded on a proforma
and summarised as the mean and standard deviation for normally
distributed numerical variables, median and interquartile range
for skewed numerical variables, and counts and percentages for
categorical variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
Results: A total of 138 patients were analysed during the entire
study. There was a predominance of male patients (82.6%) with
a male-to-female ratio of 114:24. The first attempt failure rate of
successful PAC was 13 out of 138, i.e., 9.42% (95% confidence
interval 4.55% to 14.29%). The cut-off time for the procedure
as the 75th percentile of the first 30 successful cases is 269
seconds. The number of cases in which it was done within
this time was 109 cases, i.e., 78.99%. There was a significant
difference (p<0.05) in terms of body weight, body surface area,
and neck length between the two groups.
Conclusion: Increased body weight and increased body surface
area are significant factors associated with difficult PAC placement.
On the other hand, short neck length is a significant factor for taking
more time in the placement of the catheter